The third step of the inverted pyramid method (IPM) is?

• A. Ethical review
• B. Data collection
• C. Theoretical inferences
• D. Client feedback

Answer: (C)

Interpreting data to form explanations and theories is what this stage emphasizes. In the inverted pyramid approach, analysis starts with concrete observations and then moves upward toward more abstract insights. The third step focuses on theoretical inferences—identifying patterns, relationships, and constructs that explain what the data show and linking those findings to existing theories or proposing new ones. This move from description to explanation is what makes this step essential for turning raw information into usable insight for practice or further research.

Ethical review happens before data collection to protect participants, so it isn’t part of the analytic progression. Data collection provides the raw material for analysis, but the third step is where you interpret that material rather than just gathering it. Client feedback is valuable for validating interpretations, often after you’ve formed theoretical inferences, but it isn’t the primary third step in the process.